Benchmarks, research, and advisory for the materials economy underneath AI.
Weekly coverage of the supply, policy, and capital flows that move the physical layer of the AI buildout — anchored in a Southern Hemisphere asset base most of the market underweights.
Tungsten Mining's Mt Mulgine prefeasibility study claims the world's lowest cash cost. The investment decision is six quarters away, and the deficit its own market case describes runs through 2028 and beyond.
Evolution Metals agreed principal terms with KEPCO to take its Pohang site from 130 MW to 750 MW. The midstream that is supposed to break China's magnet grip now bids for the same power blocks as the data centers that need the magnets.
The Public Service Commission let a fully redacted contract close on a staff review that ended one day before commissioners next met. Georgia Power says the typical household saves $15 a month from 2029. The fuel behind the 3.2 GW has not been disclosed.
A Medida Provisória at the end of 2025 let a data center qualify for export processing zone benefits. The first tenant at Pecém is Chinese, draws 300 MW, and is legally forbidden from serving Brazilian users.
Terranova started construction on Campus Campinas with a 300 MW substation and headroom to 1 GW. The Siemens Energy contract behind it was signed on 15 March, and the hardware is being built in Jundiaí and in China.
Urenco USA started building 2.1 million SWU at Eunice on August 18 with the Energy Secretary in attendance. Between now and 2032 the country adds 700,000 SWU and nothing else. Brazil's INB has the centrifuges and one customer.
Prime Minister Luis Galarreta told Congress on August 20 that Peru will authorize 240 mining projects this year and expects $33 billion over five years. Two days earlier a fatal accident stopped Las Bambas, the wholly Chinese-owned mine that produced 410,829 tonnes in 2025.
AP and Reporter Brasil reviewed all 2,727 ANM rare earth exploration applications through June. Australia leads with 695, the US follows with 347, China has filed none. The bill that would condition access on domestic processing has read AGUARDANDO DESPACHO since May 8, per the Senate's own record checked on August 20.
Canada issued a national security notice over the sale of an Argentine lithium project to a Chinese buyer. The asset is in Salta. The jurisdictional hook is the seller's Canadian listing, and that hook reaches Brazil.
European erbium prices rose about 50 percent since the start of June while 13 of 19 tracked elements fell in August. Erbium's demand base is fibre-optic amplification, and China's suspension covering it lapses November 10.
LME copper stocks have fallen 42 days straight to 204,975 tonnes and traders paid a $434 premium for metal they can take today. The AI buildout's copper constraint is no longer geological. It is a delivery problem.
Coarse particle flotation at Salobo will lift copper output by up to 30,000 tonnes a year for about $175 million net, starting in the first half of 2028. With copper at record highs, the fastest new supply is metallurgical, not geological.
The IDB mapped 15 to 20 Brazilian critical minerals projects out of roughly 50 it assessed, and expects its first approval next year. Its president's condition: the rest of the world has to sign long-term purchase contracts.
Two gigawatt-scale engine deals landed in four days. Reciprocating engines won this cycle by beating the gas turbine queue. Wärtsilä's newest US order delivers in 2029 and 2030, which is where the turbine slots already were.
The largest commitment on August 7 funded a silicon anode plant. The smallest of the Pentagon's three loans funded magnets with no rare earths. Substitution is a demand-side risk few Global South suppliers are pricing.
A Nature Communications study puts 2,000 to 5,000 tonnes of natural uranium in DRC cobalt shipments since 2000. A study co-author says under a tenth appears to have been declared and safeguarded.
3 Proton Lithium reported 1.78 million tons of inferred tungsten in Nevada on August 3, five times the next largest US deposit. A 2023 land order reserved 22,684 acres for satellite calibration.
A July 30 presidential determination lets Commerce restrict exports of black mass and end-of-life magnets. It fences in feedstock for a domestic recycling industry that keeps going bankrupt.
About a hundred cargoes of alumina, copper cathode and nickel derivatives sat at Indonesian ports because Jakarta banned rare earth exports without defining how much rare earth counts. Brazil, China and the United States all wrote that number years ago.
On September 1 China ends an 11-year tax break on lithium-ion cells. The headlines are about electric cars. The durable demand underneath is AI data center storage.
The desk tracked tungsten as scrap and as Kazakh ore. The purity chain ends in WF6, the gas that plates AI chip wiring, and its high purity supply is now walking out the door.
ANM data shows 4,795 processes for copper, tin, nickel and rare earths across the Legal Amazon. Two bills would fast-track licensing. Indigenous consultation and environmental safeguards are the open questions.
While the majors' deals grab headlines, Brazilian Rare Earths declared a 9 kilometre Monte Alto district and is spinning out a bauxite-gallium company, the raw inputs the AI buildout still sources through China.
Google lifted 2026 capex to as much as $205 billion this week. The binding constraint is no longer capital, it is copper, electrical steel, and the transformers made from them. Brazil sits on both ends of that squeeze.
The US has asked Brasilia to restrict sales of critical mineral assets, per a July 21 report. Brazil, holder of roughly 90 percent of world niobium, is keeping a multi-buyer stance that still includes China.
Beijing throttled the oxides and metals the West cannot yet make, cut those US shipments to zero in May, and squeezed Japan, while shipping more finished magnets than ever. The chokepoint moved downstream.
Beijing's AI infrastructure spend is pulling platinum into chips, drives, and data center backup power as the metal runs a fourth straight deficit. South Africa holds 83 percent of reserves. Brazil holds an option.
Moonshot's 2.8 trillion parameter open weight release hit TSMC and Nvidia on Friday. TSMC's own Q2 print, filed the day before, said the opposite. And if China's compute footprint routes through Chinese silicon, the materials bill routes with it.
Thursday's Q2 print answered Monday's preview with upside on every number the desk flagged. Revenue guidance to more than 40 percent, capex up 14 percent, another $100 billion booked for Arizona. The AI materials runway just got extended in a single call.
Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 quantifies the downstream damage if Beijing's October 2025 export controls take full effect. The year-delay clock runs down while refining concentration climbs.
Rio Tinto cut its 2026 copper C1 guidance by roughly half on July 15, days after Chile's Codelco signaled it will chase margin, not tonnage. The marginal ton of AI copper is repricing outside the Andes.
TSMC posted NT$442.68 billion in June, its highest month ever, up 67.9 percent year on year. The Q2 print beats guidance and lands three days before Thursday's earnings call. CoWoS capacity is the binding number to watch.
Richland Parish jumps from 2 GW/$27B to 5 GW/$50B+ under a Meta-Entergy deal that funds seven new gas plants, three grid-scale batteries, and 240 miles of 500-kV line. The gating input is no longer land or capital. It is GE Vernova's slot book.
The Financial Times' read of MP, Energy Fuels, and Phoenix Tailings finds most US-funded rare earth output crossing the Pacific because domestic magnet capacity is a 2027 story. Serra Verde and Brazilian monazite face the same gap.
The DLA's Project Vault tender for 16,170 tonnes of battery-grade lithium carbonate lands the same week Sigma Lithium beats Q2 guidance out of Brazil. The paradox: neither country can refine it at scale.
Governor Spanberger signed a $0.011 per kilowatt-hour data center electricity tax on June 30 that hit Data Center Alley on July 1. New Jersey lawmakers sent a 50-megawatt take-or-pay bill to Governor Sherrill hours later. Two mechanisms, one signal: the state cost of AI-driven power is now inside the Overton window.
The Jiangxi lepidolite mine restarted June 29 with a 100,000-tonne carbonate nameplate. Jefferies says hyperscalers add 20 GW of battery storage by 2035, and calls Chinese LFP the most compelling option. Sigma and SQM are the ones absorbing the pressure.
MOFCOM Announcement No. 26 opened a public reporting window for strategic mineral export violations on July 1. Paired with a June germanium prosecution and Japanese detentions, dual-use exports are now criminal-liability terrain.
Antares and Valar burned HALEU TRISO. Deployable and Aalo ran on 4.95 percent LEU. Same week, Centrus signed a $900 million commercial HALEU contract for Piketon. The AI-nuclear fuel line just picked its ceiling.
MP Materials' 10X plan solves neodymium. Samarium, the mineral behind US missile magnets, isn't in it. Brazilian monazite is one of the few off-China alternatives.
Foreign Minister Wadephul joined MME, BNDES, and ApexBrasil for an embassy event that put MagBras and six exploration companies in front of German capital. The message: Berlin wants partnership, not just purchase.
Secretary Wright signed a second Section 202(c) order Tuesday, letting PJM shift 50 MW-plus data centers onto backup generators through July 3. The grid operator forecasts a July 2 peak that would break the 2006 record.
DOE cleared Aalo-X on June 25, putting the third Reactor Pilot Program reactor inside Trump's July 4 deadline. Centrus's Phase III HALEU production contract closes today. MOFCOM's whistleblower channel for mineral exports goes live July 1.
In the same week, the Pentagon picked Tooele Army Depot for U.S. dysprosium and terbium processing, and Sweden cleared Norra Kärr for a 25-year mining lease. The new ex-China heavy rare earth axis is taking shape, with a Brazil-shaped hole in it.
Per million token costs fell from roughly $10 to roughly $2.50 in a year per Ramp. Zhipu's GLM 5.2 dropped MIT licensed on June 13, sitting a point off Anthropic Opus 4.8 on FrontierSWE at a fifth of the cost.
Investo brings Brazilian investors direct access to the index that rises when the contest for critical minerals heats up.
After a September 2025 preliminary deal cleared antitrust and regulatory review, the two mines now run on one plan. 2.7 million tonnes of additional copper over 21 years, sized for a market the data centers are tightening.
Investor Day unveiled the Dragonfly C1000, a $3.92B Modular buy, and anchor hyperscaler customers. The materials read is 160 kW racks, more copper per watt, and a longer queue at the substation.
A 20-year PPA, a co-located gas plant in the Permian, GE Vernova turbines, and Engine No. 1 as financier. The hyperscaler power model just changed.
MOFCOM added the two US rare earth majors to its export control list on Monday. USA Rare Earth's pending $2.8 billion takeover of Brazil's Serra Verde, the only producer outside Asia of all four magnetic rare earths at scale, now sits inside an active retaliation cycle.
Reflection AI agreed Monday to pay SpaceX $150 million a month for GB300 access at Colossus. With Anthropic at $1.25B per month and Google at $920M, the SpaceX compute backlog clears $80 billion. The materials and power math sits underneath.
Goldman raised forecasts on June 1. Jefferies followed on June 8. HSBC warned of a super-squeeze on June 2. Panama's SGS audit on June 19 puts Cobre Panama's 350,000 tonnes back on the table. Then on June 20 Tehran's military said Hormuz is closed.
NovaAndino is set to lodge the environmental study for a $3 billion direct-extraction lithium project targeting 280,000 to 300,000 tonnes LCE a year from 2031. Brazil's entire current output is one-fifth that. Tianqi is selling down.
The Évian declaration sets the first hard numerical target on rare earth source concentration. Canada walked away with 13 new bilateral deals worth more than $5 billion. None landed in Brazil.
Phoenix Tailings' Freedom Facility lands $500M conditional from the Office of Strategic Capital plus $500M of private capital, targeting 2028. The same week, Resouro logged a $1B Tiros PEA in Minas Gerais and the DLA inked a five-year ferro-niobium stockpile with CBMM. Three signals about who is funding which step of the mine-to-magnet chain.
CREIA's index hit 252.8 on June 15, heavy rare earths leading. Five weeks earlier the only scaled non-Asian heavy producer signed a 15-year offtake to a U.S. government vehicle. Commerce closed $1.6 billion in CHIPS capacity on June 3.
A TDK-backed battery giant takes a direct stake in a Brazilian REE-niobium project while Lula pitches the same geology to G7 leaders. Two events, one week, and a signal that Brazil is no longer a bystander in the supply chain chess game.
The third Brazil Critical Minerals Summit opens Tuesday with Atlas Lithium as co-host and Minas Gerais behind the lectern. The audience is Western capital checking whether Brazil's new financing stack actually deploys.
The reported 10 GW campus puts 9.2 GW of new gas on the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion site DOE just funded for centrifuge restart. Nvidia guarantees the lease. Brazil's R$15 billion Sovereign Plan was built for moments like this and did not bid.
The U.S. brought Ex-Im, DFC, and 20-plus companies to the Astana Mining Congress this week. A 1.4 million tonne tungsten deal moves to feasibility in H2. Brazil's R$15 billion Sovereign Plan, designed for exactly this moment, was not represented at the table.
Q1 2026 data center equipment orders at GE Vernova exceeded all of 2025. Lead times push 2029 to 2030. Meta and Microsoft signed multi gigawatt behind the meter gas deals this spring. The watt gap has a supplier.
GE Vernova's gas turbine backlog hit 100 GW in Q1. Data center electrification orders alone ran $2.4 billion, more than all of 2025. New slots get delivered in 2029. The Williams-Meta Socrates plant just got cleared in Ohio on June 9. Gas is the lock-in.
Glencore's Q1 numbers: African copper cathode running 68 percent ahead, cobalt down 39 percent. CMOC just put $1.08 billion into a copper expansion, not a cobalt one. The cobalt overhang under the DRC's 96,600-tonne quota is now a coproduct of the AI buildout's copper pull.
Chinese buyers are draining US scrap yards for tungsten ahead of a 2027 defense ban. The same metal forms the interconnects inside every AI accelerator.
USGS clocked European germanium metal at $5,380 a kilo by October 2025, more than double the start-of-year print. US imports collapsed 67 percent after China's December 2024 ban. The Western fiber-grade precursor chain is one Oklahoma plant and one Alaska zinc stream.
A June 2 Carnegie paper audits every hyperscaler nuclear deal and gets to 102 TWh a year against a mid-range data center demand of 560. The next bottleneck is enrichment, where DOE just put $900 million into Piketon and Brazil's Resende sits idle on its second phase.
$2,269 a kilo printed on June 5. The metal that runs the AI server's power supply is bauxite's byproduct. The November 27 expiry on China's US suspension is roughly twenty-five weeks away.
ERCOT's Batch Zero rules, approved June 1, demand upfront deposits and site control from the first 100 GW tranche of a Texas queue that has now swelled to roughly 450 GW. The filter accelerates a competitive bid from Brazil and China for the spillover.
KEMET raised tantalum capacitor prices for the third time in twelve months. Panasonic hiked 15 to 30 percent in February. The desk that took the metal's name has not written about it yet. Today it does.
LME copper traded just under $14,000 this week, off the May 13 peak of $14,097, while Chile's April output fell 13.8 percent. Vale logged a Q1 copper record and is pushing its Base Metals IPO toward mid-2026.
A May 21 firing. 27,000 tonnes misclassified between Chuquicamata and Ministro Hales. Chile's April total down 13.8 percent. The hyperscalers' load-bearing input has a credibility problem at the largest single source.
Skeleton's Varkaus factory opened with CBMM oxide inside. Six months later, Nyobolt's $1 billion Series C had CBMM in the round. Brazil's niobium has an AI customer.
QatarEnergy extended the Ras Laffan force majeure through mid-August. Asian fabs are rationing the gas EUV lithography cannot run without. Brazil sits on the right basins and has built no separator.
On April 20, USAR put $300 million in cash and 126.849 million shares on the table for the only producing rare earth mine outside Asia that delivers all four magnetic elements. The deal is the closest answer the West has to dysprosium and terbium without going through Ganzhou.
Copper near $6.40, FAST-41 just extended to AI data centers and an Alaskan copper deposit, and China's smelters are working at a zero treatment benchmark. The AI buildout's most boring input is now its most binding.
Sightline Climate tracks roughly 5 GW under active construction against the 16 GW US operators planned for this year. China will energize 8 GW in 2026. Brazil quietly put its first phase live in May.
SQM lifted lithium guidance after Q1 net income rose 165 percent. Sigma Lithium posted record margins two weeks earlier. The Southern Diversification basket is still down 3.9 percent YTD.
China's draft enforcement framework closes for public comment May 28, six months before two separate suspensions expire. Brazil's BNDES is racing the same calendar.
UniPat's SaaS-Bench tested 14 frontier models on real professional work across 23 production SaaS systems. Claude Opus 4.7 led with 43.9 percent. Kimi K2.6 finished fifth at 34.1 percent. The compute story underneath that gap is the one Brazil should be reading.
A new sovereign credit line for mine capex was presented to IBRAM in May. It sits alongside the R$1 billion exploration fund that has been investing since early 2025.
A May 15 tribunal ruling set aside the environmental clearance for the water plant Anglo and Glencore are counting on. Production was already running below plan, and AI demand only points one direction.
The DFARS magnet ban kicks in January 2027. The West cannot meet it. The countries with rare earth production already underway just got more valuable.
The country has the deposits. What it lacks is the bureaucracy to move them at the speed AI infrastructure demands.
An independent research desk benchmarking the materials that power AI. Three proprietary indexes, weekly research, anchored in the Southern Hemisphere asset base.